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First Canadian Army
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First Canadian
Army
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 |
Authorized:
1 April 1942
Disbanded: 20 June 1946 |
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The First Canadian
Army was the only Army raised by Canada in the 20th Century.
First Canadian First was the senior combatant formation in
North-West Europe during the Second World War.
Formation
With the first
mobilization in 1939, Canada brought into existence not just two
infantry divisions, but a corps headquarters and "quotas of Corps, Army
and Lines of Communication troops". The creation of a field army was not
envisioned early in the war; even after the fall of France, it was not
clear that a full Army was either desirable or within Canada's
capabilities. The Army Programme for 1941 - the planning forecast by the
Chief of the General Staff - spoke of completing a single corps of three
divisions and emphasizing the mobilization of armoured formations.1
A year later, in August 1941, the first tentative steps towards
proposing that an army be created were taken when Lieutenant General
Crerar, the Chief of the General Staff, wrote to General McNaughton,
commanding the Canadians in England:
To commence with,
our departmental studies of man-power available do not indicate that
numbers will be a restrictive factor for some time yet in respect to
an expansion of the Canadian Army. Perhaps the (Adjutant-General)
has already spoken to you on this subject, but, if not, I might say
that our departmental appreciation indicates that man-power is
available to maintain a Canadian Army of eight Divisions, of which
two will be in Canada, for a war period of over six years from now.
An Inter-departmental Committee on Man-Power has now been formed and
is considering the calculations submitted by this and other
departments such as Labour and Munitions and Supply. It may be that
the results of this Committee's considerations will be somewhat at
variance from the estimates we have separately reached. On the other
hand, our own calculations certainly do not suffer from optimism and
I believe that the numbers for the Army are there, without
interfering with essential industry and other home activities,
providing the Government takes the steps required to get those
numbers into the Services. All the above leads me to the conclusion
that, providing the Government are prepared to face up to the
financial and other strain, we should be able to reinforce the Corps
during 1942 with not only the 4th Division but another Armoured
Division as well. This would result in too large a Corps, but have
you ever considered the pros and cons of a Canadian Army comprising
2 Corps each of 2 Divisions and an Armoured Division? I fully admit
that this is a pretty ambitious proposal because the necessary
increase in Corps, etc., troops will be fairly heavy. At the same
time, I do not think that the picture is an impossible one.2
An initial proposal went
forward for an Army headquarters, to administer two corps, an infantry
corps of three divisions, an an armoured corps of two armoured
divisions. Following discussions in late 1941, the British recognized
the need for additional headquarters to administer the growing list of
Canadian formations overseas, while Canadian officials were influenced
by the onset of war in the Pacific and the worsening war situation.
Authority for the
formation of Army Headquarters and units to work in affiliation with
it had been given by the War Committee on 11 March. In consequence,
Headquarters First Canadian Army came into existence on Easter
Monday, 6 April 1942, with McNaughton as G.O.C.-in.C. Crerar
retained command of the Canadian Corps, which now became the 1st
Canadian Corps.
The development of
the new Army was to proceed by stages. The first phase would be the
formation of a nucleus staff and a beginning on mobilizing the
several units required to work with Army Headquarters (Army Signals,
etc.) In the second phase, Army Headquarters would be gradually
completed to about half its final establishment this being achieved,
it was anticipated, by about the middle of June 1942 - and the
related ancillary units would be brought up to strength as required.
The third phase was thus outlined:
H.Q. 2 Cdn
Corps would be organized on an establishment which is to be
provided for the purpose to be completed about 1 Jul 42. On the
completion of this H.Q. it would be exchanged with H.Q. 1 Cdn
Corps in an operational role and the latter brought out of the
Order of Battle and reorganized also on the lower establishment.
It proved
impossible in practice to carry out this programme as planned,
particularly with respect to the new Corps Headquarters. The main
difficulty here was the shortage of trained staff officers.
Headquarters 2nd Canadian Corps was not actually set up until 14
January 1943, some six months later than originally planned.3
General Order 131/42
dated 17 April 1942, taking effect 1 April 1942, mobilized the following
units:
| Serial |
Unit |
| 1150
|
Headquarters of an Army |
| 1153 |
Headquarters Army Troops
Engineers, R.C.E. |
| 1156A
|
Headquarters Signals, R.C.C.S. |
| 1150A |
Army Intelligence Section |
| 1151
|
Army Field Security Section |
| 1152 |
Army Headquarters Defence
Company |
General Order 471/42
issued 3 December 1942 redesignated Serial 1150 as "Headquarters, First
Canadian Army" effective 1 April 1942.4
History
The Army operated in
England for only six months as envisioned; in the summer of 1943, the
1st Canadian Division and 1st Army Tank Brigade departed for Sicily, and
at the end of the year, the 1st Canadian Corps headquarters, 1st
Canadian Army Group Royal Artillery, 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division
and ancillary units also departed for the Mediterranean, all to serve
with the British 8th Army in Italy.
The despatch of units to the Mediterranean
had been a major source of controversy among the leadership of the
Canadian Army. General McNaughton, commanding the First Canadian Army,
had been seriously opposed to the splitting of national forces, and in
December of 1943, when 1st Canadian Corps moved to Italy, partially as a
result of his ongoing disagreement with the government over the issue,
he relinquished command of the Army. His place was taken temporarily by
Lieutenant General Ken Stuart, Chief of the General Staff, who also
became the Chief of Staff of Canadian Military Headquarters, a new
appointment to replace that of Senior Officer, CMHQ.
For a time after
the dispatch of the 1st Canadian Corps to Italy and General
McNaughton's retirement, the future of the First Canadian Army
seemed to hang in the balance. The decision, arrived at after
consultation with the military authorities of the United Kingdom,
was to keep the Army's headquarters in existence, to place British
or Allied formations under its command for the coming campaign in
North-West Europe to replace the Canadian divisions which had been
sent to Italy, and to bring back General Crerar from the 1st Corps
to become Army Commander.5
The question was now
considered whether Canada needed a field army at all, given the
divergence of its forces into two theatres of war. Misunderstanding on
the part of the Canadian authorities appear to have made the question
more acute than it was to the British; after discussions among Canadian
commanders and with British officials, the net result was that
"Headquarters First Canadian Army continued to exist,essentially in the
same form and under a Canadian officer." The Army now served as an
Anglo-Canadian formation.6
The First Canadian Army
continued to operate in the UK with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Armoured
Divisions, 2nd Armoured Brigade, 2nd AGRA, and ancillary units, plus the
addition of non-national units, which would be a common situation until
1945.7
First Canadian
Army was the most international of the Allied formations. Apart from
its Army troops, the major Canadian component was its 2nd Corps of
one armoured and two infantry divisions. The place of its 1st Corps,
which was fighting in Italy, had been taken by 1st British Corps and
indeed, until the last two months of the War, it contained more
British troops than had Montgomery's Eighth Army at Alamein. The
Polish Armoured Division had become almost a permanent fixture in
the Army and they were later joined by Belgian, Dutch and
Czechoslovakian formations. At various times American infantry and
airborne divisions came under command as did commandos of the Royal
Marines and the British Army. The Royal Navy participated in many of
its operations and it was supported directly by No. 84 Group, RAF,
with its British, Polish, Dutch, Belgian, French and New Zealand
Squadrons. There were many Canadians in the Group but, curiously, by
far the greatest number were in the Royal Canadian Air Force
squadrons which made up over half the strength of No. 83 Group
supporting Second British Army.8
| Approximate
casualty figures for foreign troops while serving in 1st
Canadian Army 1944-451 |
| Nationality |
Killed |
Wounded |
Missing |
Total |
| United Kingdom |
2,611 |
11,572 |
1,898 |
16,081 |
| Polish |
1,163 |
3,840 |
371 |
5,374 |
| United States2 |
179 |
856 |
356 |
1,391 |
| Belgian3 |
73 |
253 |
35 |
361 |
| Czechoslovak |
17 |
105 |
2 |
124 |
| Netherlands |
25 |
91 |
1 |
117 |
| Total |
4,068 |
16,717 |
2,663 |
23,448 |
- Figures are approximate, as
compiled in June 1945 and displayed in Volume III of the
Canadian Army official history
- Only includes 104th U.S.
Infantry Division during its time autumn of 1944
-
Figures given for entire campaign, including periods not
under Canadian command
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Exercise SPARTAN in March
1943 had marked the first time that Headquarters, First Canadian Army
operated in the field. General McNaughton's HQ handled 1st Canadian
Corps (2nd and 3rd Canadian Division), 2nd Canadian Corps (5th Canadian
(Armoured) and British Guards Armoured Divisions) and 12th British Corps
(43rd (Wessex) and 53rd (Welsh) Divisions). By early 1944, First
Canadian Army passed notice that training for the first three months of
the year would concentrate on individual training, to prepare all men in
the UK for the upcoming invasion.9
Between 24 April and 14
June 1944, First Canadian Army participated in Exercise QUICKSILVER, one
of several deception schemes implemented to convince the Germans that
the landings in Normandy were subsidiary to other landings in the Pas de
Calais. QUICKSILVER was a wireless scheme in which radio traffic was
designed to paint the picture of the First United States Army Group (FUSAG)
with the 1st Canadian Army (with an American corps under command) and
the 3d United States Army under command preparing for operations in the
Calais area.
How far this
particular scheme was effective cannot be determined with certainty
from the available German records. The Germans certainly knew that
we were running such schemes, for one of their intelligence
documents dated 9 June refers to "the radio games played with the
enemy Intelligence Service". They seem to have placed their main
intelligence reliance on agents.10
The Army would serve on the Continent under
21st Army Group, and it received its first directive on 1 March 1944,
outlining its tasks in Operation OVERLORD. The Army was instructed to
land following the 2nd British Army between Asnelles and Ouistreham,
assume responsibility for the left-hand sector of the bridgehead, and
assume control of 3rd Canadian Division, 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade,
and one British corps. It was envisioned that an advance to the east to
capture Le Havre and Rouen would be required, and the Army was directed
to prepare priority tables, staff studies and administrative
instructions to move its headquarters, Army Troops, and the 2nd Canadian
Corps (less 3rd Division, which would be detached to the British for the
assault landings) to France, and to also to study the problem of how to
capture these ports, with the code name Operation AXEHEAD.11
First Canadian Army played no operational
role in Normandy for a month and a half after the landings. The
headquarters began transferring to Normandy in the latter part of June,
and on 23 July 1944, took over the line held by 1st British Corps. It
was not until 31 July 1944 that Canadian units, namely the 2nd Canadian
Corps, came under command of the Army.
 Army
Level Units 1944-45
- First Canadian Army Headquarters12
-
"A" Troops
-
First Canadian Army
Civil Affairs Staff
-
Troops of the
Canadian Women's Army Corps
-
Troops of the Corps
of Military Staff Clerks
-
 CORPS
OF ROYAL CANADIAN ENGINEERS
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First Canadian Army Headquarters
Engineer Platoon
-
1st Canadian Cemetery Construction Unit
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2nd Canadian Cemetery Construction Unit
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1st Canadian Special Construction
Platoon
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2nd Canadian Special Construction
Platoon
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Royal Canadian Engineers Band
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Headquarters RCE, First Canadian Army
Troops
-
5th Field Company
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23rd Field Company
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10th Field Park Company
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3rd Canadian Electrical and Mechanical
Platoon Type A
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Headquarters, Second Canadian Army
Troops
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32nd Field Company
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33rd Field Company
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34th Field Company
-
11th Field Park Company
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Headquarters, First Canadian Mechanical
and Equipment Company
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1st Canadian Mechanical Equipment
Park Company
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1st Canadian Mechanical Equipment
Platoon Type B
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2nd Canadian Mechanical Equipment
Platoon Type B
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3rd Canadian Mechanical Equipment
Platoon Type B
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4th Canadian Mechanical Equipment
Platoon Type B
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1st Canadian Machinery Spare Parts
(Base) Section
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DCE (Works) First Cdn Army
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1st Canadian CRE Works
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1st Canadian Work Section
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2nd Canadian Work Section
-
3rd Canadian Work Section
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1st Canadian Engineer Stores Platoon
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2nd Canadian Drilling Company
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5th Canadian Drilling Platoon
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6th Canadian Drilling Platoon
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7th Canadian Drilling Platoon
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8th Canadian Drilling Platoon
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1st Canadian Road Construction Company
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2nd Canadian Road Construction Company
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1st Canadian Workshop and Park Company
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4th Canadian Electrical and Mechanical
Platoon Type A
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DD (Survey) First Canadian Army
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1st Canadian Field Survey Depot
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2nd Canadian Field Survey Depot (Topo)
-
3rd Canadian Field (Reproduction)
Survey Company
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1st Canadian (Air) Survey Company
-
1st Canadian Modelling Team
-
DCE (Permanent Bridges) First Canadian
Army
-
Canadian CRE Permanent Bridges
-
2nd Battalion, RCE
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3rd Battalion, RCE
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1st Canadian Pile Driving Platoon
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2nd Canadian Pile Driving Platoon
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Headquarters, No. 2 Canadian Railway
Operating Group, RCE
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1st Canadian Railway Operating
Company
-
2nd Canadian Railway Operating
Company
-
1st Canadian Railway Workshop
Company
-
1st Canadian Railway Telegraph
Company, RCCS
- ROYAL CANADIAN ARTILLERY
-
1st Rocket Battery, RCA
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1st Radar Battery, RCA
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107th AA Brigade
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16th AA Operations Room, RCA
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2nd Heavy AA Regiment, RCA
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109th Heavy AA Regiment, RA
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1st Canadian Centaur Battery, RCA
-
 ROYAL
CANADIAN CORPS OF SIGNALS
-
First Canadian Army Signal Regiment
-
1st Air Signal Support Unit
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HQ 1st Canadian Line of Communications
Terminals
-
No. 1 Special Wireless Sections
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No. 2 Special Wireless Sections
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No. 3 Special Wireless Sections
- CORPS OF ROYAL CANADIAN
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
-
No. 1 Light Aid Detachment, First
Canadian Army Signal Regiment, RCEME
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No. 88 LAD, 25th Cdn Armoured Delivery
Regiment (Elgin Regiment), RCEME
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No. 10 LAD, First Cdn Army Field Park,
RCEME
-
3rd Line Workshops
-
1x General Workshop
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3x Infantry Troops Workshops
-
2x Armoured Troops Workshops
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2x Tank Troops Workshops
-
1x Engineer Equipment Workshop
-
1x Engineer Servicing Unit
- CANADIAN ARMOURED CORPS
- CANADIAN INFANTRY CORPS
-
 ROYAL
CANADIAN ARMY SERVICE CORPS
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No. 1 Cdn Movement Control Unit
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No. 1 Army HQ Car Unit
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No. 35 Army Troops Composite Company
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No. 36 Army Troops Composite Company
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No. 41 Army Transport Company
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No. 45 Army Transport Company
-
No. 47 Army Transport Company
-
No. 63 Army Transport Company
-
No. 64 Army Transport Company
-
No. 1 Motor Ambulance Company
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No. 2 Motor Ambulance Company
-
No. 1 Canadian Advance Stationery Depot
-
No. 1 Mobile Printing Section
-
No. 2 Tipper Platoon
-
 ROYAL
CANADIAN ARMY MEDICAL CORPS
-
No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 Field
Transfusion Units
-
No. 3, 9, 10, 11, and 16 Field Dressing
Stations
-
No. 14 Field Hygiene Section
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No. 6 Casualty Clearing Station
-
No. 4 Field Surgical Unit
-
No. 1 Mobile Hygiene Laboratory
-
No. 1 Advanced Depot Medical Stores
-
 ROYAL
CANADIAN ORDNANCE CORPS
-
No. 8 and 9 Mobile Bath and Laundry
Units
-
No. 1 Cdn Ordnance Maintenance Coy
-
No. 1 Cdn Salvage Depot
-
No. 4 (Railhead) Salvage Unit
-
No. 10 Cdn Salvage Unit
-
No. 1 Special Stores Coy
-
No. 1 and 2 Mobile Ammunition Repair
Units
-
No. 1, 3, 4, and 5 Cdn Salvage
Collecting Centre
-
No. 3 Cdn Corps and Army Troops Sub Park
-
No. 1 Special Vehicle Coy
-
No. 4 and 5 Forward Ammunition
Maintenance Coys
-
No. 2 Forward Maintenance Stores Section
-
No. 1 Cdn Demobilization Depot
-
No. 2 Cdn Demobilization Centre
- CANADIAN DENTAL CORPS
-
No. 4 Company
-
2nd Army Dental Stores
- CANADIAN POSTAL CORPS
- CANADIAN INTELLIGENCE CORPS
-
No. 1, 2, and 3 Field Press Censor
Sections
-
No. 4 Special Field Press Censor Section
-
No. 1 Information Control Unit
-
No. 1 Cdn Army Intelligence Pool
-
No. 1 Cdn Army Interrogation Pool
-
No. 1 Cdn Modelling Team
-
No. 1 Army Intelligence Officer’s Pool
-
No. 1 Cdn Interpreters Pool
-
No. ?? Cdn Army Refugee Interrogation
Team
-
First Cdn Army Photographic Processing
Unit
-
First Cdn Army Photographic
Interpretation Section
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No. 1 Cdn Special Wireless Intelligence
Section
-
No. 2 and 3 Cdn Wireless Intelligence
Sections
- Miscellaneous
Senior Personnel
Commanders
General A.G.L. McNaughton, CB, CMG, DSO (6 Apr 1942 - 26 Dec 1943)
General H.D.G. Crerar, CB, DSO (20 Mar 1944 - 30 Jul 1945)
Lieutenant General G.G. Simonds also took over acting command of the
Army on occasions in NW Europe when General Crerar was indisposed.
Chief of Staff
Brigadier G.G. Simonds (1942- 1943)
Brigadier C.C. Mann (28 Jan 1944 - 1945)
Chief Engineer
Major General C.S.L. Hertzberg
Deputy Adjutant & Quarter Master General
Major General G.R. Turner
Major General A.E. Walford, CB, CBE, MM, ED
Brigadier, Royal Artillery
Brigadier H.O.N. Brownfield, CBE, MC
Brigadier E.C. Plow, CBE, DSO
GSO I, Royal Artillery
Lieutenant Colonel W.S. Ziegler (3 Jul 1942 - 24 May 1943)
Lieutenant Colonel H.A. Sparling
Lieutenant Colonel F.D. Lace
Lieutenant Colonel F.LeP.T. Clifford
Lieutenant Colonel D.L. Gordon, MBE
Lieutenant Colonel William Smith
Ziegler was a prewar artillery officer who joined the 8th Canadian
Army Field Regiment as a captain on 4 September 1939, being assigned to
a Super Heavy Battery a year later. On 14 September 1940, he went to the
headquarters of the Third Canadian Infantry Division as a major, then
appointed lieutenant colonel in General Intelligence, Headquarters
(Artillery), First Canadian Army on 3 July 1942. He went to command the
13th Field Regiment of 3rd Division on 24 May 1943 and helped organize
the First Canadian Army artillery headquarters. A recommendation for the
Distinguished Service Order noted that his personality allowed him to
create close relations with other formation headquarters, and he played
a large part in creating and conducting artillery exercises in First
Canadian Army. He was assigned to the 1st Canadian Division as
Commander, Royal Artillery on 4 March 1944.
Officers of the First Canadian
Army, 20 May 1945. Seated H.S. Maczek (GOC 1st Polish Armd Div), E.C.
Hudleston (RAF), G.G. Simonds (GOC II Cdn Corps), H.D.G. Crerar (GOC-i-C,
1st Cdn Army), C. Foulkes (GOC I Cdn Corps), B.M. Hoffmeister (GOC 5 Cdn
Div), S.B. Rawlins (GOC 49 (WR) Div (Brit)). Standing: W.P. Gilbride,
C.C. Mann (COS, 1st Cdn Army), J.F.A. Lister, G. Kitching, R.H. Keefler
(GOC 3 Cdn Div), A.B. Matthews (GOC 2 Cdn Div), E.L.M. Burns, H.W.
Foster (GOC 1 Cdn Div), R.W. Moncel, H.E. Rodger, H.V.D. Laing (LAC
photo PA 138509)
Location of Army
Headquarters
-
Headley Court,
Leatherhead, Surrey
-
Amblie, France (18
June - 30 August 1944)
-
Brionne, France (30
August 1944)
-
Pihem, France (7
September 1944)
-
Antwerp, Belgium (19
October - 15 November 1944)
-
Tilburg, The
Netherlands (15
November 1944 - 7 February 1945)
-
Udem, The Netherlands
(7 February - 8 March 1945)
 |
Signalman J.T.
Prime of 1st Canadian Army Signals, Royal Canadian Corps of
Signals (R.C.C.S.), operates a local radio receiver and remote
unit at Zeddam, Netherlands on 4 April 1945. He wears the
standard 1st Canadian Army formation flash on the sleeves of his
battle dress, with letters denoting his corps superimposed. LAC
photo. |
|
 |
H/Captain
Samuel Cass, a rabbi, conducting the first worship service
celebrated on German territory by Jewish personnel of the 1st
Canadian Army near Cleve, Germany, 18 March 1945. LAC photo. |
Headquarters
Headquarters life was described briefly in one autobiography:
Army headquarters
was a large organization - hundreds of officers with their clerks,
signals and transport. Yet it was mobile. Each section had a
three-ton truck which carried its folding chairs, tables, map
boards, typewriters and other equipment. Over its canvas roof, a
'vehicle marquee' was lashed. When halted, this was extended to form
an office. A tarpaulin floor was laid, 'tables 6-foot folding' were
set up for desks, electric lights or lanterns were slung from the
roof, phones connected and business resumed.
Officers slept in tents nearby, a
necessity since much work was done at night. They had their meals in
Messes of about thirty officers which again were based on a three-tonner
for kitchen and marquee.13
During the period that 1st Canadian
Army Headquarters operated out of Antwerp:
...we operated in
requisitioned houses for the duration of the Scheldt battles.
Several of our thirty-man Officers' Messes were on the separate
floors of an apartment block facing the Champ de Mars.
...We would pause in our work when we
heard the warbling sound of a V-1 (rocket)'s ramjet engine. If it
passed over, all was well. If it stopped, the missile would crash
with an almighty blast which devastated buildings and shook the
surrounding neighbourhood. Sometimes we took cover under our desks.
There was no warning from a V-2.
For a time, Headquarters First
Canadian Army was in a relatively more dangerous location than that
of many of its troops. Business continued as usual but we noticed
that visitors from our corps and divisions now seldom remained for
lunch after a morning conference.14
Uniform Insignia
At the start of the Second World War, it was felt that colourful
unit and Formation Patches would be too easily seen, and a very austere
set of insignia was designed for the new Battle Dress uniform,
consisting solely of rank badges and drab worsted Slip-on Shoulder
Titles. In 1941, however, the trend was reversed, and a new system of
formation patches, based on the battle patches of the First World War,
was introduced. However, the use of lettered unit titles (at first won
as Slip-on Shoulder Titles and later, as more colourful designs worn
directly above the divisional patches) was also introduced - a privilege
previously extended only to the Brigade of Guards in England, and in the
Canadian Army to just four units: Governor General's Foot Guards,
Canadian Grenadier Guards, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
and the Canadian Provost Corps.
The new formation patches were made from three materials mainly; felt
and wool being most common, and canvas patches were adopted in the late
war period as an economy measure.
Members of various corps serving in support units came to wear formation
patches with letters added directly to the patch. A formation patch with
a maroon coloured strip in the middle was worn by some members of the
Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (RCAMC).
Artifacts and images courtesy of Bill
Alexander. Gold wire officers' version of CDC Army patch courtesy Dwayne
Hordij.
Notes
-
Stacey, C.P.
Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War:
Volume I: Six Years Of War (Queen's Printer, Ottawa, ON,
1956), pp.43-88
-
Ibid, p.94
-
Ibid, p.99
-
Tonner, Mark W. On Active Service
(Service Publications, Ottawa, ON) ISBN 1-894581-44-X
-
Stacey, Ibid, p.222
-
Stacey, C.P.
Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War:
Volume III: The Victory Campaign (Queen's Printer, Ottawa,
ON, 1960) p.32
-
Falconer, D.W. Battery Flashes of
W.W. II (D.W. Falconer, 1985) ISBN 0-9691865-0-9 p.319
-
Williams, Jeffery
The Long Left Flank: The Hard Fought Way to the Reich 1944-1945
(Stoddard Publishing Co. Ltd., Toronto, ON, 1988) ISBN
0-7737-2194-0 p.18
-
Stacey, Volume I,
Ibid, pp.250-252
-
Stacey, Volume III,
Ibid, p.75
-
Ibid, p.39
-
Information courtesy
Martin Schenkel
-
Williams, Jeffery, Far From Home:
A Memoir of a 20th Century Soldier (University of Calgary
Press, Calgary, AB, 2003) ISBN 1-55238-129-3 p.237
-
Ibid, p.238
Thank you also to Marius Heideveld for his
assistance with this page.
|
